John Winthrop’s Arbella sermon, 1630

Quote 1.

“The definition which the scripture gives us of love is this: ‘Love is the bond of perfection.’ [I]t is a bond or ligament. . . . There is no body but consists of parts and that which each part so contiguous to others as thereby they do mutually participate with each other, both in strength and infirmity, in pleasure and pain. . . . Christ and his church make one body. The several parts of this body, considered apart before they were united, were disproportionate and as much disordering as so many contrary qualities or elements, [however, when united], it is become the most perfect and best proportioned body in the world[.]”

a. For Winthrop, what is the benefit of a well coordinated (social, spiritual, political) body?
b. Why might the metaphor of the body make sense to Winthrop’s audience?
c. How might this union of separate parts create a genuine COMMONWEALTH?

- A well coordinated or synchronized social, spiritual, & political body would benefit Winthrop and his entire group of followers in a series of ways positive. It seemed that one of the puritan’s goals in the new world was to maintain the roots of their “pure”, idealistic values. With everyone in unity as a functioning body in spirit, politics, and social standings they would be able to root themselves successfully into the new world and maybe even realize their objectives.

- The reason why the metaphor of the body makes sense to Winthrop’s audience is because they are familiar with Christian principles. In a religious connotation, the puritans are “Christ’s Body” and I feel that this symbolism is deeply rooted into them. The concept of a unified body is one that becomes literal in the New World, and I would imagine that this “bond” between them kept them stable and allowed them to survive both spiritually and socially as long as they did.

- Because every person in the Puritan society had their own “job”, or sense of responsibility in the group, by working together in a integrated entity, the puritans would be productive and effective in their tasks. The mere fact that they were able to be productive in working as a group, greatly enhanced their chance of survival in the “New World”, and potentially increased the chance of advancement and dispersion of their ideals.

Quote 2.

“Whatsoever we did or ought to have done when we lived in England, the same must we do, and more also, where we go.”

• What is in the word new? What did it mean to name the colony New England? Why not come up with some kind of name that denoted complete newness and separation from the Old World?

- By naming their colony New England, the puritans were demonstrating an religiously untainted version of their origin, and at the same time keeping ties with the politically influential greatness of England.

Quote 3.

3. “Thus stands the cause between God and us. We are entered into covenant with him for this work. We have taken out a commission, the Lord hath given us leave to draw our own articles. We have professed to enterprise these actions . . . . Now if the Lord shall please to hear us, and bring us in peace to the place we desire, then hath he ratified this covenant and sealed our commission, [and] will expect a strict performance of the articles contained in it.”

• How did the Puritans, and Winthrop, view their charter for colonization as a spiritual mandate to purify the world of Christendom (or at least the Church of England)?

-Winthrop and the puritans viewed their charter for colonization as an opportunity and in a sense, an obligation to establish a stable society ruled by their chaste principles and godly morals. Although not emphasized on very often, a second objective that the puritans had was to convert natives, but that would come only after the solidity of their own establishment.

Quote 4.

4. “[W]hen he shall make us a praise and glory that men shall say of succeeding [colonies], ‘the Lord make it like that of New England.’ For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us[.]”

• What does it mean, or what did Winthrop mean, to be a “city upon a hill”?

-By being a “city upon a hill” literally and symbolically, the puritans are able to exemplify their superior wholesomeness and set an example for new colonists in the new world, possibly inspiring them to take up Puritan ideals and values as well.

National College Fair Assignment

The purpose of this worksheet/assignment is to assist in making your day at the National College Fair as productive as possible. Your journey of exploring post-secondary educational programs and career options will be a life-long one, but it is critically important at this time. Please complete each section below. Your responses are to be submitted to Terry by Oct. 9th.

We suggest that you use the following questions as an interview guide, but certainly ask whatever questions you like:
• What is the average class size for freshman classes, as well as upper division?
• How would they describe the relationship between students and instructors at their college?
• Does their university place a greater emphasis on research or on teaching?
• What are their policies and procedures relative to financial aide, Scholarships, work-study, etc.?
• What internship, cooperative-education, and foreign study opportunities are available to undergraduate students?
• What major is their college best known for?
• What are the transfer policies and admissions standards for their college, including college testing such as SAT and/or ACT?
• How would they describe student life on their campus and in the local community?

1. To gain a broad perspective relative to the different types of colleges, campuses, and programs, provide the name and a brief description of the following: (Do not hesitate to explore colleges outside the Northwest states, do not use the same college twice, and do not simply list information available on their website.)

• A public college
University of Puget Sound
the University of Puget Sound is a rather large liberal arts college. I was interested in their music business undergraduate program which seems captivating, but they do also offer a decent medical course, which I also took into account. Another reason why I considered it was because it just happened to be in the area, which would be very efficient for me.

• A private college
Whitworth University is a sensible Christian college which would be fitting for me because it supports my faith, because of the fact that it is in the state of Washington (Spokane) and because that it offers an impressive music program. This University is well known for its liberal arts institution, something that made me consider it.

• A rural college
Columbia University
although it is located in Chicago, this is a famed arts college with a high success rate and very broad music program. There are many famous artists who were former students of this University. It has an overall impressive music program.

• Traditional large university
University of Washington Seattle is known for its hands on medical program which I would be interested in. It is also close to home and known for its sustainability. It also offers a large variety of programs in the arts and medical field. Its campus is fairly large but then again so is their class size (can get up to 600 students). This university is famous for its wide selection of research programs.


• A small alternative college
Evergreen
This College is located in Olympia, Washington; it is a science and liberal arts college. It has a relatively small class size class size which means there would be more interaction between student and instructor and the fact that it is in the area is appealing to me also.


2. Select a college major that you might be interested in pursuing. (Either something in the medical field or Music production) Find three colleges that are known to offer quality programs in that major. You may choose only one of the three colleges from within the state of Washington. Briefly describe what impressed you about each of these colleges. Then finally, describe how your overall educational experience might differ if you were to choose one college over the others. In making your comparisons, be sure to consider some the issues raised in the “suggested questions” above. (You probably should do some research on this before attending the Fair)


University of Washington the Seattle branch Is fairly close to home, it presents a famed medical research program which is relevant to my interests and provides multiple internships available for undergraduate and graduate students. The fact that it is in the area presents itself as an obvious and efficient choice, but then again I wouldn’t realize the complete college experience if I stayed in the state for my schooling.

Columbia University in Chicago is a famous college for liberal arts, performing arts as well as visual arts. The thing that impressed me about this university is its very wide-ranging music business program which offers many different career options and choices from live sound to studio work producing. This program also offers hands on training which is essential for success in an actual career. I had the opportunity to speak with their representative, who was very knowledgeable about many different aspects of the school and its programs. I realize that I would be far from home and that travel would become essential to visit my family, but at the same time, I would be gaining a valuable experience.

Pacific University is a private liberal arts college in Oregon, it has a very sought after medical program which includes dental and physical therapy. It also has a mediocre music program in performing arts but it does not offer one in music production which rules that option out if I attend this college. The tuition rate is very fair and the class sizes are exceptional. If I go to this school I would still be in the northwest not too far away from home but would still be able to enjoy an actual college experience.


3. Attend at least one of the workshops during your time at the Fair. Briefly describe the content of the workshop and evaluate the information received.
The content of the workshop that I attended focused mainly on how to finance a college education. It was very extensive and talked topics such as financial support, how to take out a loan, and the types of loan out is liable for. Although this workshop was helpful on a informative level, it wasn’t something that I would be focusing on at the moment.

4. Write a personal evaluation of your experience of attending the National College Fair. Share whatever thoughts you have, but be sure to include a discussion of the following:

The college fair was a very beneficial experience for me personally. I appreciated the fact that I was able to talk to many representatives of the colleges that were within my line of interest all at the same place, and receive answers to questions I had on the spot. This event provided me with information that could be helpful in narrowing down my choice of schools and it gave me insight on what to work on to get into the schools I was interested in. The workshop that I attended gave me an idea of what kind of loans are available for students to support their college education. I enjoyed this college fair and also though it was an informative and enhancing event for my career planning process.

They Say 2; Bacon's Rebellion

Although Bacon’s Rebellion is often popularized as a credible American revolution in which Nathaniel Bacon is depicted as a commendable leader in an attempt to institute righteousness, contradictory sources illustrate the rebellion as an immoral onslaught, demonstrating nadir human injustice. Howard Zinn & Rebecca Stefoff clearly demonstrate the more popular analysis of Bacon’s Rebellion in the book, A Young Peoples History of the United States, in which they claim, “Bacons Rebellion brought together groups from the lower classes…they started an uprising because they were angry about the way the colony was being run.” (pg. 35) The essence of Howard Zinn and Rebecca Stefoffs argument portrays Bacon, and the rebellion as a justified attempt by unified Virginia commoners to disband their perverse colonial government. Another example by these authors reaffirms the positive side of the rebellion stating “Many Virginians scraped out a living in poverty or worked as servants in terrible conditions…these unhappy Virginians found a leader in Nathaniel Bacon.”(pg.37) From this viewpoint, Bacon’s followers also justified killing numerous of local Indians merely as defense.

Another perception of Bacon’s Rebellion is one which that emphasizes on the immorality, prejudice, and brutality of Bacon’s Rebellion. An author that upholds this standpoint is Michael Puglisi of Marian College. In his article, “Whether They Be Friends or Foes” Puglisi insists that Bacon’s followers had, “lack of regard for the integrity and the well-being of the tributary tribes” and furthermore supports this statement by describing a scene in which Bacon and his army “attacked a peaceful Indian village…killing and taking (the natives) prisoners and looking for plunder.” (pg.78) Bacon’s supporters showed actions of unpardonable cruelty, “even killing an elderly native woman, the queen’s nurse, for providing them with incorrect information in their (natives) pursuit.”(Puglisi, “Whether They Be Friends or Foes” pg.78) Although most colonists agreed that their real enemy during the Rebellion was the corrupt Colonial Government, Puglisi also stated in his article that Bacon "claimed that by organizing the unauthorized campaign against the encroaching Indians he was providing a release for the colonist's frustrations." Even Howard Zinn and Rebecca Stafoff acknowledge the fact that Bacon's intentions in the Rebellion weren't purely related to the colonist's interests, stating, "(regarding Bacon) He probably cared more about fighting Indians than about helping the poor."(pg.37)

A very controversial debate concerning Bacon’s Rebellion regards its very basis. Many sources make the claim that the Rebellion was sparked by either unreasonable colonial rule, hostile land encroaching natives, or sometimes even both. For instance, Michael Puglisi makes the allegation in his “Whether They Be Friends or Foes” article that the ruling regime was to blame, stating, “The frontier colonists were apparently dissatisfied with government efforts to protect their new settlement”. (pg 77) On the contrary position, Howard Zinn in his “A Young Peoples History of the United States” explains that Virginia’s enraged commoners rebelled to level themselves with the wealthy “social elite” and, “about the huge difference between the rich in the poor in Virginia.” Although both of these authors make for valid conclusion, Robert Beverly differentiates himself from the crowd, insisting that, “The occasion of the rebellion is not easy to be discovered…but ‘tis certain that there were many things that concurred towards it.”(“The History & Present State of Virginia” pg.6) Beverly clearly illustrates that he is credibly knowledgeable in relation to this event, by mapping out four particular predicaments that ignited the rebellion. Beverly first suggests that the first piece that provoked the rebellion was, “the extreme low price of tobacco, and the ill usage of the planters in the exchange of it.”(pg 6) Although the price of the tobacco was a setback all in-itself, Beverly’s paints “the splintering of the colony into (numerous) properties” as the second thing that proceeded the revolt. The third component that supposedly was also a motive for the rebellion, according to Beverly, was the “heavy restraints and burdens laid upon their (the colonists) trade by Act of Parliament in England”. He finishes his argument by listing “the disturbance given by the Indians…”(pg 6) as the last predicament provoking Bacon's Rebellion.

They Say; Bacon's Rebellion

Although Bacon’s Rebellion is often popularized as a credible American revolution in which Nathaniel Bacon is depicted as a commendable leader in an attempt to institute righteousness, contradictory sources illustrate the rebellion as an immoral onslaught, demonstrating nadir human injustice. Howard Zinn & Rebecca Stefoff clearly demonstrate the more popular analysis of Bacon’s Rebellion in the book, A Young Peoples History of the United States, in which they claim, “Bacons Rebellion brought together groups from the lower classes…they started an uprising because they were angry about the way the colony was being run.” (pg. 35) The essence of Howard Zinn and Rebecca Stefoffs argument portrays Bacon, and the rebellion as a justified attempt by unified Virginia commoners to disband their perverse colonial government. Another example by these authors reaffirms the positive side of the rebellion stating “Many Virginians scraped out a living in poverty or worked as servants in terrible conditions…these unhappy Virginians found a leader in Nathaniel Bacon.”(pg.37) From this viewpoint, Bacon’s followers also justified killing numerous of local Indians as mere defense.
Another perception of Bacon’s Rebellion is one which that emphasizes on the immorality, prejudice, and brutality of Bacon’s Rebellion. An author that upholds this standpoint is Michael Puglisi of Marian College. In his article, “Whether They Be Friends or Foes” Puglisi insists that Bacon’s followers had, “lack of regard for the integrity and the well-being of the tributary tribes” and furthermore supports this statement by describing a scene in which Bacon and his army “attacked a peaceful Indian village…killing and taking (the natives) prisoners and looking for plunder.” (pg.78) Bacon’s supporters showed actions of unpardonable cruelty, “even killing an elderly native woman, the queen’s nurse, for providing them with incorrect information in their (natives) pursuit.”(Puglisi, “Whether They Be Friends or Foes” pg.78) Although most colonists agreed that their real enemy during the Rebellion was the corrupt Colonial Government, Puglisi also stated in his article that Bacon "claimed that by organizing the unauthorized campaign against the encroaching Indians he was providing a release for the colonist's frustrations." Even Howard Zinn and Rebecca Stafoff acknowledge the fact that Bacon's intentions in the Rebellion weren't purely related to the colonist's interests, stating, "(regarding Bacon) He probably cared more about fighting Indians than about helping the poor."(pg.37)

Political Economy of the Body (Section 3)

Passage #3- “In the darkest region of the political field the condemned man represents the symmetrical inverted figure of the king. “

When perceiving this statement literally, piece by piece, some will become accepting of the realization that in one way or another, the condemned man Foucault involves in this statement would actually be the king himself. Ask yourself…what makes up the darkest region of the political field? I think the most probable answer would be the condemned or in other words, socially inadequate persons. But the other question that needs to be answered in this equation is- what, or who makes these people condemned? On the other end of this damnation is authority, power and potentially the king himself. Therefore- in the words of Foucault, “the condemned man represents the symmetrical inverted figure of the king.”

Political Economy of the Body (Sections 1 & 2)

Passage #1- “The body is directly involved in a political field; power relations have an immediate hold upon it; they invest it, mark it, train it, torture it, and force it to carry out tasks to perform ceremonies to emit signs.”

This vividly expressed statement exemplifies to the reader a surreal sense of viewing the human being. What I derived from this passage particularly is that the physical and physiological aspects of a body affect it entirely in every circumstance (emphasizing especially on societal standings). I believe this notion correlates with the “survival of the fittest” ideology only including a physiological and authoritative aspect as well.

Passage #2- “It is largely as a force of production that the body is invested with relations of power and domination, but on the other hand, its constitutions as labor power is possible only if it is caught up in a system of subjection…the body becomes a useful force only if it is both a productive body and subjected body.”

The sovereignty of a body is judged almost entirely by its influence and authority over other entities. But at the same time, productivity of an individual cannot exist without an aspiration that is greater than that character’s influence and also the willingness to generate product.

American Tobacco & European Consumers Summary

Ever since the Chesapeake colonists began successfully cultivating and importing tobacco in 1617, it became a very lucrative commodity because european demand gave it a commercial value. Because the craving for tobacco in English european culture spread very rapidly, tobacco became the cash crop of the seventeen hundreds and was the base of most enterprising farmer’s exports. Although as a crop, this new good exhausted the land quickly, as an export it became an extensively popular taste of the new world. There were several of reasons why Tobacco became such a popular article of trade in English europe, one of which was- because it received high praise from physicians in the 16th century, who treated this foreign herb as the new "wonder drug" in many aspects. Yet another factor which escalated tobacco’s demand and distribution was its highly addictive nicotine content, which was fairly expensive to feed at first. But by the 17th century tobacco prices decreased immensely allowing for it to be afforded by most European citizens. Because of its affordability and fashionable characteristics, by the 17th century, tobacco altered European culture and created and shaped new forms of social premises all together, but most importantly it advanced the life of Virginia colonies and expanded them, allowing these colonies to thrive to a new level and shape hisotry.